382 Biostatistics For Dummies

symbolic constants, 17

symmetry, 115

synergy, 245–247

systematic error, 37

systematic sampling, 82–83

systemic reviews, 97–98

systolic blood pressure (SBP)

comparing, 39

effect of drugs on, 62, 123–125

relation between weight and, 218–229

variable name of, 18

T

t tests, 41–42, 47–49, 142–152, 362–363

t value, 242

Tableau, 57, 60

terminal elimination rate constant, 12

test statistic, 37, 40, 41–42, 147

tests

chi-square, 11, 13, 161–169, 171–172, 174

Fisher exact, 11, 13, 169–172

H-L, 259

log-rank, 317–325, 328–330

Mann-Whitney U, 47–49, 143, 362

nonparametric, 48–49, 157

post-hoc, 143, 152–157

Scheffe’s, 154–156

Spearman Rank Correlation, 47–49

student t, 41–42, 47–49, 142–152, 362–363

Tukey-Kramer, 154–156

unequal-variance t, 143

Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks (WSR), 47–49, 142, 146

Wilcoxon Sum-of-Ranks, 47–49, 143, 157, 362

theoretical function, 279

third quartile, 222

three-way ANOVA, 144–145

tied values, 49

time data, 108–110

time-to-event variable, 337

treatment bias, 66

treatment periods, 65

treatments, 187–188

trees, 1

trend line, 276

trimmed mean. See inner mean

true value, 37

Tukey-Kramer test, 154–156

Tukey’s HSD (“honestly” significant difference test),

154–156

two-dimensional arrays, 26

two-peaked (bimodal) distribution, 114, 117

type I error, 41, 42–44, 75–76, 152

Type II diabetes, 10–12, 192–197, 250, 292

type II error, 41–44

typeset format, 16, 24–25

typographic effects, 16

U

ultrasound, 188

unbalanced groups, 154

under-coverage, 78

unequal-variance t test, 143

uniform distribution, 352

United States

airports, 34–35

census, 84

International Review Board, 72

surveillance study, 86

univariate analysis, 128

univariate regression, 209

Universität Düsseldorf, 59

unskewed data, 121

V

value of F statistic (F value), 155

values. See also p value

absolute, 23

average, 11, 141–158

calculated, 37

estimate, predicted and t values, 242